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    <h2 id="concat">Concat</h2>

    <h3>Description</h3>

    <p>Concatenates one or more <a href="../Types/resources.html">resource</a>s to a single file or
      to the console. The destination file will be created if it does not exist unless the resource
      list is empty and <var>ignoreempty</var> is <q>true</q>.</p>

    <p><em>Since Apache Ant 1.7.1</em>, this task can be used as
      a <a href="../Types/resources.html#collection">resource collection</a> that will return
      exactly one <a href="../Types/resources.html">resource</a>.</p>

    <p><a href="../Types/resources.html#collection">Resource collections</a> are used to select
      which resources are to be concatenated. There is no singular attribute to specify a single
      resource to <code>concat</code>.</p>

    <h3>Parameters</h3>

    <table class="attr">
      <tr>
        <th scope="col">Attribute</th>
        <th scope="col">Description</th>
        <th scope="col">Required</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>destfile</td>
        <td>The destination file for the concatenated stream.  If not specified the console will be
          used instead.</td>
        <td>No</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>append</td>
        <td>Specifies whether or not the file specified by <var>destfile</var> should be
          appended.</td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>no</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>force</td>
        <td>Specifies whether or not the file specified by <var>destfile</var> should be written to
          even if it is newer than all source files. <em><u>Deprecated</u>, use
          the <var>overwrite</var> attribute instead.</em></td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>yes</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>overwrite</td>
        <td>Specifies whether or not the file specified by <var>destfile</var> should be written to
          even if it is newer than all source files.  <em>Since Ant 1.8.2</em>.</td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>yes</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>forceReadOnly</td>
        <td>Overwrite read-only destination files.  <em>Since Ant 1.8.2</em></td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>false</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>encoding</td>
        <td>Specifies the encoding for the input files. Please
          see <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/intl/encoding.doc.html"
          target="_top">Supported Encodings</a> for a list of possible values.</td>
        <td>No; defaults to default JVM character encoding</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>outputencoding</td>
        <td>The encoding to use when writing the output file.  <em>Since Ant 1.6</em>.</td>
        <td>No; defaults to <var>encoding</var> if set or default JVM character encoding
          otherwise</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>fixlastline</td>
        <td>Specifies whether or not to check if each file concatenated is terminated by a new
          line. If this attribute is <q>yes</q> a new line will be appended to the stream if the
          file did not end in a new line.  <em>Since Ant 1.6</em>.  This attribute does not apply to
          embedded text.</td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>no</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>eol</td>
        <td>Specifies what the end of line character are for use by the fixlastline
          attribute.  <em>Since Ant 1.6</em> Valid values for this property are:
          <ul>
            <li><q>cr</q>: a single CR</li>
            <li><q>lf</q>: a single LF</li>
            <li><q>crlf</q>: the pair CRLF</li>
            <li><q>mac</q>: a single CR</li>
            <li><q>unix</q>: a single LF</li>
            <li><q>dos</q>: the pair CRLF</li>
          </ul></td>
        <td>No; default is platform dependent: <q>lf</q> for Unix, <q>crlf</q> for DOS family
        (including Windows), <q>cr</q> for Mac OS 9 or earlier</td></tr>
      <tr>
        <td>binary</td>
        <td><em>Since Ant 1.6.2</em> If this attribute is set to <q>true</q>, the task concatenates
          the files in a byte by byte fashion. If this attribute is <q>false</q>, concat will not
          normally work for binary files due to character encoding issues.  If this option is set
          to <q>true</q>, the <var>destfile</var> attribute must be set, and the task cannot used
          nested text.  Also the
          attributes <var>encoding</var>, <var>outputencoding</var>, <var>filelastline</var> cannot
          be used.</td>
        <td>No; default is <q>false</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>ignoreempty</td>
        <td><em>Since Ant 1.8.0</em> Specifies whether or not the file specified
          by <var>destfile</var> should be created if the source resource list is empty.
        </td>
        <td>No; defaults to <q>true</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>resourcename</td>
        <td><em>Since Ant 1.8.3</em> Specifies the name reported if this task is exposed as
          a <a href="../Types/resources.html">resource</a>.
        </td>
        <td>No</td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <h3>Parameters specified as nested elements</h3>
    <h4>resource collection</h4>
    <p><em>Since Ant 1.7</em>.</p>

    <p>Any of the various <a href="../Types/resources.html#collection">resource collection</a> types
      can specify the resources to be concatenated.</p>

    <h4>filterchain</h4>
    <p><em>Since Ant 1.6</em>.</p>
    <p>The task supports nested <a href="../Types/filterchain.html">FilterChain</a>s.</p>

    <h4>header, footer</h4>
    <p><em>Since Ant 1.6</em>.</p>
    <p>Used to prepend or postpend text into the concatenated stream.</p>
    <p>The text may be in-line or be in a file.</p>
    <table class="attr">
      <tr>
        <th scope="col">Attribute</th>
        <th scope="col">Description</th>
        <th scope="col">Required</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>filtering</td>
        <td>Whether to filter the text provided by this sub element.</td>
        <td>No; default is <q>yes</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>file</td>
        <td>A file to place at the head or tail of the concatenated text.</td>
        <td>No</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>trim</td>
        <td>Whether to trim the value.</td>
        <td>No; default is <q>no</q></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>trimleading</td>
        <td>Whether to trim leading white space on each line.</td>
        <td>No; default is <q>no</q></td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <h3>Examples</h3>

    <p>Concatenate a string to a file:</p>
    <pre>&lt;concat destfile=&quot;README&quot;&gt;Hello, World!&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Concatenate a series of files to the console:</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat&gt;
  &lt;fileset dir=&quot;messages&quot; includes=&quot;*important*&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Concatenate a single file, appending if the destination file exists:</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat destfile=&quot;NOTES&quot; append=&quot;true&quot;&gt;
  &lt;filelist dir=&quot;notes&quot; files=&quot;note.txt&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Concatenate a series of files, update the destination file only if is older that all the
      source files:</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat destfile=&quot;${docbook.dir}/all-sections.xml&quot;
        force=&quot;no&quot;&gt;
  &lt;filelist dir=&quot;${docbook.dir}/sections&quot;
            files=&quot;introduction.xml,overview.xml&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;fileset dir=&quot;${docbook.dir}&quot;
           includes=&quot;sections/*.xml&quot;
           excludes=&quot;introduction.xml,overview.xml&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Concatenate a series of files, expanding Ant properties.</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat destfile="${build.dir}/subs"&gt;
  &lt;path&gt;
    &lt;fileset dir="${src.dir}" includes="*.xml"/&gt;
    &lt;pathelement location="build.xml"/&gt;
  &lt;/path&gt;
  &lt;filterchain&gt;
    &lt;expandproperties/&gt;
  &lt;/filterchain&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Filter the lines containing project from <samp>build.xml</samp> and output them
      to <samp>report.output</samp>, prepending with a header.</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat destfile="${build.dir}/report.output"&gt;
  &lt;header filtering="no" trimleading="yes"&gt;
      Lines that contain project
      ==========================
  &lt;/header&gt;
  &lt;path path="build.xml"/&gt;
  &lt;filterchain&gt;
    &lt;linecontains&gt;
      &lt;contains value="project"/&gt;
    &lt;/linecontains&gt;
  &lt;/filterchain&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

    <p>Concatenate a number of binary files.</p>
    <pre>
&lt;concat destfile="${build.dir}/dist.bin" binary="yes"&gt;
  &lt;fileset file="${src.dir}/scripts/dist.sh"/&gt;
  &lt;fileset file="${build.dir}/dist.tar.bz2"/&gt;
&lt;/concat&gt;</pre>

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